Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Poland's jet fuel supply was 149 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (47%), Norway (35%) and Guyana (12%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia70 kt (est. 47%)Norway52 kt (est. 35%)Guyana18 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom4.3 kt (est. 3%)United States1.4 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.9 kt (est. <1%)Brazil0.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.5 kt (est. <1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)142 kt (95%)Netherlands6.4 kt (4%)Slovakia0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Poland: jet fuel supply149 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Slovakia
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- Saudi Arabia70 kt (est. 47%)
- Norway52 kt (est. 35%)
- Guyana18 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom4.3 kt (est. 3%)
- United States1.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: jet fuel supply | 141,850 | 95.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Poland: jet fuel supply | 6,421 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Poland: jet fuel supply | 435 | 0.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Slovakia | Poland: jet fuel supply | 191 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 69,570 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 50,616 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Poland (own refineries) | 17,911 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 3,753 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,405 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,343 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,269 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 903 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 537 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 519 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 435 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 373 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 179 | 93.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 73 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 18 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 17 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 14 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 12 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 9 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 6 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 5 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (435 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (379 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (435 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.