Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Poland's jet fuel supply was 105 kt: 96% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (51%), Norway (37%) and Guyana (7%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia53 kt (est. 51%)Norway39 kt (est. 37%)Guyana7.6 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom1.6 kt (est. 2%)United States0.6 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.4 kt (est. <1%)Nigeria0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.6 kt (est. <1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown1.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)101 kt (96%)Netherlands2.7 kt (3%)Belgium0.2 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported1.6 kt (2%)Poland: jet fuel supply105 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- Saudi Arabia53 kt (est. 51%)
- Norway39 kt (est. 37%)
- Guyana7.6 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- United States0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Nigeria0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown1.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: jet fuel supply | 100,508 | 95.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Poland: jet fuel supply | 2,699 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Poland: jet fuel supply | 1,624 | 1.5% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Belgium | Poland: jet fuel supply | 204 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 53,367 | 53.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 38,149 | 38.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Poland (own refineries) | 7,623 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 1,624 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 1,370 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 602 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 522 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 485 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 395 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 230 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 193 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 174 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 97 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 50 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 45 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 36 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 28 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 18 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 14 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 10 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (1,624 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (188 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (97 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (1,624 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.