Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Poland's jet fuel supply was 115 kt: 98% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (46%), Norway (34%) and Guyana (6%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia53 kt (est. 46%)Norway40 kt (est. 34%)Guyana6.4 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom4.7 kt (est. 4%)United States1.9 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan0.2 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. <1%)Poland: crude not from imports7.9 kt (7%)Origin not reported: crude unknown1.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)113 kt (98%)Netherlands1.4 kt (1%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported1.3 kt (1%)Poland: jet fuel supply115 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- Saudi Arabia53 kt (est. 46%)
- Norway40 kt (est. 34%)
- Guyana6.4 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom4.7 kt (est. 4%)
- United States1.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Poland: crude not from imports7.9 kt (7%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown1.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: jet fuel supply | 112,678 | 97.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Poland: jet fuel supply | 1,379 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Poland: jet fuel supply | 1,334 | 1.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 52,954 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 39,258 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 7,945 | 7.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Poland (own refineries) | 6,420 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 4,563 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 1,538 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 1,334 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 338 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 287 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 246 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 200 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 116 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 111 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 80 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 25 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 24 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 18 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 18 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 14 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude not from imports (7,945 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (1,334 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (80 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (1,334 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.