Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Poland's petrol supply was 507 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (38%), Norway (31%) and the United Kingdom (5%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia191 kt (est. 38%)Norway155 kt (est. 31%)United Kingdom26 kt (est. 5%)Guyana22 kt (est. 4%)United States18 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan17 kt (est. 3%)Libya13 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins26 kt (est. 5%)Poland: crude not from imports28 kt (5%)Germany: crude origin not reported8.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)394 kt (78%)Germany86 kt (17%)Czechia16 kt (3%)Hungary5.0 kt (<1%)Lithuania3.2 kt (<1%)Slovakia2.4 kt (<1%)Poland: petrol supply507 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Saudi Arabia191 kt (est. 38%)
- Norway155 kt (est. 31%)
- United Kingdom26 kt (est. 5%)
- Guyana22 kt (est. 4%)
- United States18 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan17 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya13 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 5%)
- Poland: crude not from imports28 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported8.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: petrol supply | 393,765 | 77.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: petrol supply | 86,489 | 17.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: petrol supply | 16,317 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: petrol supply | 4,969 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: petrol supply | 3,199 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: petrol supply | 2,398 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 185,054 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 137,190 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 27,766 | 7.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Poland (own refineries) | 22,435 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 15,946 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 14,942 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 13,717 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 13,466 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 12,989 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 12,320 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 9,312 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 8,349 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 5,720 | 35.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 5,375 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 3,554 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 3,480 | 70.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 3,353 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,008 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,901 | 79.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 1,619 | 50.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,275 | 25.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,066 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 860 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 682 | 4.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 551 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 365 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 328 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 214 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 132 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 127 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 43 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of petrol in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude not from imports (27,766 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (8,349 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,197 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.