Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Romania's road diesel supply was 502 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (16%) and Bulgaria (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (30%) and Azerbaijan (10%), and 45% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan152 kt (est. 30%)Azerbaijan50 kt (est. 10%)Norway15 kt (est. 3%)Libya15 kt (est. 3%)Côte d’Ivoire14 kt (est. 3%)Iraq9.3 kt (est. 2%)Guyana9.3 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 2%)Romania: crude not from imports84 kt (17%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data78 kt (16%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported50 kt (10%)Hungary: crude not from imports6.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)330 kt (66%)Saudi Arabia78 kt (16%)Bulgaria50 kt (10%)Greece22 kt (4%)Hungary12 kt (2%)Slovakia4.0 kt (<1%)Serbia2.0 kt (<1%)Türkiye2.0 kt (<1%)Germany1.0 kt (<1%)India1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply502 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Bulgaria
- Greece
- Hungary
- Slovakia
- Serbia
- Türkiye
- Other (2)
- Kazakhstan152 kt (est. 30%)
- Azerbaijan50 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway15 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya15 kt (est. 3%)
- Côte d’Ivoire14 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq9.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Guyana9.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports84 kt (17%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data78 kt (16%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported50 kt (10%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports6.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2026)
50.0 thousand tonnes
est. 10% of Romania's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported50 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Romania (own refineries)49 kt (est. 98%)
- Greece0.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Germanyless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 330,000 | 65.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 78,000 | 15.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 50,000 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 147,926 | 44.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 84,115 | 25.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 78,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 50,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 49,177 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 13,843 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 13,580 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 10,416 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 9,332 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 8,702 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary | 6,775 | 56.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 5,225 | 43.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 4,288 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 3,757 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 3,105 | 77.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 2,241 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Greece | 1,611 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,534 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 831 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 651 | 16.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Greece | 498 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 392 | 39.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 244 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 152 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 150 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 149 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 138 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany | 69 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 34 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 30 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 21 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 16 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (84,115 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (78,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (50,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (6,775 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (830 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (34 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.