Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Romania's road diesel supply was 622 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (42%), Libya (6%) and Azerbaijan (6%), and 39% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan263 kt (est. 42%)Libya38 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan37 kt (est. 6%)Guyana12 kt (est. 2%)Côte d’Ivoire11 kt (est. 2%)Russia7.8 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia7.4 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins4.1 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports123 kt (20%)Türkiye: no crude data35 kt (6%)Azerbaijan: no crude data28 kt (5%)India: no crude data26 kt (4%)Egypt: no crude data15 kt (2%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported7.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)482 kt (77%)Türkiye35 kt (6%)Azerbaijan28 kt (5%)India26 kt (4%)Egypt15 kt (2%)Italy11 kt (2%)Hungary8.0 kt (1%)Bulgaria8.0 kt (1%)Serbia4.0 kt (<1%)Saudi Arabia2.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers3.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply622 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Azerbaijan
- India
- Egypt
- Italy
- Hungary
- Bulgaria
- Other (4)
- Kazakhstan263 kt (est. 42%)
- Libya38 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan37 kt (est. 6%)
- Guyana12 kt (est. 2%)
- Côte d’Ivoire11 kt (est. 2%)
- Russia7.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia7.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins4.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports123 kt (20%)
- Türkiye: no crude data35 kt (6%)
- Azerbaijan: no crude data28 kt (5%)
- India: no crude data26 kt (4%)
- Egypt: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported7.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2025)
4.1 thousand tonnes
est. <1% of Romania's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported4.1 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy3.8 kt (est. 92%)
- Other suppliers0.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Romania (own refineries)0.2 kt (est. 4%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 482,000 | 77.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Romania: road diesel supply | 28,000 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Romania: road diesel supply | 15,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 11,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Romania: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 259,975 | 53.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 122,980 | 25.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 35,115 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 35,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 34,957 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan: no crude data | Azerbaijan | 28,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 11,495 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 11,023 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 7,562 | 94.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania (own refineries) | 6,299 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 6,276 | 78.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 3,757 | 34.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,364 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,647 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Other suppliers | 1,510 | 75.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,342 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 1,272 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 983 | 8.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 785 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 538 | 53.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 452 | 5.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 438 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 334 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 181 | 11.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 180 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Italy | 122 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 102 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 79 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Other suppliers | 60 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 17 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (122,980 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (35,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Azerbaijan: no crude data (28,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (7,562 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,053 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (17 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.