Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Romania's road diesel supply was 549 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (24%) and Türkiye (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (20%), Guyana (8%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 59% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan112 kt (est. 20%)Guyana45 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan43 kt (est. 8%)Libya14 kt (est. 3%)Canada6.5 kt (est. 1%)Ukraine4.1 kt (est. <1%)Russia0.7 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data131 kt (24%)Romania: crude not from imports103 kt (19%)Türkiye: no crude data35 kt (6%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported23 kt (4%)Egypt: no crude data16 kt (3%)Israel: no crude data11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)326 kt (59%)Saudi Arabia131 kt (24%)Türkiye35 kt (6%)Bulgaria23 kt (4%)Egypt16 kt (3%)Israel11 kt (2%)Serbia3.0 kt (<1%)Greece1.0 kt (<1%)Austria1.0 kt (<1%)Hungary1.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply549 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Türkiye
- Bulgaria
- Egypt
- Israel
- Serbia
- Greece
- Other (3)
- Kazakhstan112 kt (est. 20%)
- Guyana45 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan43 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya14 kt (est. 3%)
- Canada6.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Ukraine4.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Russia0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data131 kt (24%)
- Romania: crude not from imports103 kt (19%)
- Türkiye: no crude data35 kt (6%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported23 kt (4%)
- Egypt: no crude data16 kt (3%)
- Israel: no crude data11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2026)
1.2 thousand tonnes
est. <1% of Romania's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported1.2 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Greece0.6 kt (est. 46%)
- Slovakia0.4 kt (est. 31%)
- Austria0.2 kt (est. 13%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 326,000 | 59.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 131,000 | 23.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 23,000 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Romania: road diesel supply | 16,000 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 11,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 131,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 110,775 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 103,477 | 31.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 44,764 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 43,304 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 35,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 23,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 16,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 13,137 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 11,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Canada | Romania (own refineries) | 6,488 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Romania (own refineries) | 4,055 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 3,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 576 | 57.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 547 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 384 | 38.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 382 | 38.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 357 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Hungary | 289 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 218 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 178 | 17.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Greece | 167 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Slovakia | 165 | 16.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 157 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 132 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria | 130 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 87 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 74 | 7.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 48 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Greece | 24 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 23 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Hungary | 20 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Slovakia | 20 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 16 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 5 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (131,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (103,477 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (35,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (23,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (16,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (11,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (252 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (165 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.