Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Romania's road diesel supply was 561 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Bulgaria (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (30%), Norway (9%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 46% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan171 kt (est. 30%)Norway51 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan42 kt (est. 8%)Libya17 kt (est. 3%)Russia12 kt (est. 2%)Iraq7.4 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia2.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.5 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports106 kt (19%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported40 kt (7%)India: no crude data27 kt (5%)Romania: crude origin not reported23 kt (4%)Israel: no crude data20 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data19 kt (3%)Türkiye: no crude data14 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)396 kt (71%)Bulgaria42 kt (7%)India27 kt (5%)Greece22 kt (4%)Israel20 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia19 kt (3%)Türkiye14 kt (2%)Hungary13 kt (2%)Italy3.0 kt (<1%)Austria3.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia2.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply561 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Bulgaria
- India
- Greece
- Israel
- Saudi Arabia
- Türkiye
- Hungary
- Other (3)
- Kazakhstan171 kt (est. 30%)
- Norway51 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan42 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya17 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia12 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq7.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia2.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins2.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports106 kt (19%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported40 kt (7%)
- India: no crude data27 kt (5%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported23 kt (4%)
- Israel: no crude data20 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data19 kt (3%)
- Türkiye: no crude data14 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Mar 2024)
22.0 thousand tonnes
4% of Romania's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Iraq7.2 kt (est. 33%)
- Kazakhstan5.8 kt (est. 27%)
- Libya3.3 kt (est. 15%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 396,000 | 70.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 42,000 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 27,000 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 20,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 19,000 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 14,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 13,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 162,319 | 41.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 106,471 | 26.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 49,806 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 41,478 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 39,651 | 94.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| India: no crude data | India | 27,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 23,025 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 20,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 12,901 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 9,843 | 75.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 7,154 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 5,842 | 26.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 3,274 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 2,349 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 2,243 | 17.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,057 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 1,766 | 88.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,718 | 57.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 1,298 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,006 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 908 | 4.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 808 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 631 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 577 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 460 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 427 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 412 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 391 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 307 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 282 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 243 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 234 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 216 | 7.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 178 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 154 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 138 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 128 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 120 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Austria | 74 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 57 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 51 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (106,471 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (39,651 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (27,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (23,025 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Israel: no crude data (20,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,020 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,175 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.