Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Romania's road diesel supply was 661 kt: 68% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (15%) and India (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (28%) and Azerbaijan (11%), and 50% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan184 kt (est. 28%)Azerbaijan71 kt (est. 11%)Norway30 kt (est. 5%)Russia16 kt (est. 2%)Canada14 kt (est. 2%)Libya13 kt (est. 2%)Iraq2.6 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.6 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports100 kt (15%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data97 kt (15%)Romania: crude origin not reported41 kt (6%)India: no crude data38 kt (6%)United States: no crude data26 kt (4%)Israel: no crude data10 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)447 kt (68%)Saudi Arabia97 kt (15%)India38 kt (6%)United States26 kt (4%)Hungary20 kt (3%)Israel10 kt (2%)Greece9.0 kt (1%)Kuwait7.0 kt (1%)Bulgaria2.0 kt (<1%)Qatar2.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers3.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply661 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- United States
- Hungary
- Israel
- Greece
- Kuwait
- Other (5)
- Kazakhstan184 kt (est. 28%)
- Azerbaijan71 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway30 kt (est. 5%)
- Russia16 kt (est. 2%)
- Canada14 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya13 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq2.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins2.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports100 kt (15%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data97 kt (15%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported41 kt (6%)
- India: no crude data38 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data26 kt (4%)
- Israel: no crude data10 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Nov 2024)
9.0 thousand tonnes
1% of Romania's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Kazakhstan2.5 kt (est. 28%)
- Iraq2.5 kt (est. 28%)
- Other crude origins1.7 kt (est. 19%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 447,000 | 67.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 97,000 | 14.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 38,000 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Romania: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 20,000 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 9,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 181,220 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 99,974 | 22.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 97,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 70,298 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 40,623 | 9.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| India: no crude data | India | 38,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 29,675 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Hungary | 16,041 | 80.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Romania (own refineries) | 13,829 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 11,380 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 3,602 | 18.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,489 | 27.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 2,476 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Qatar | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 1,809 | 90.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,670 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 967 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 771 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 674 | 67.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 583 | 58.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 497 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 357 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 238 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 201 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 191 | 9.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 130 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 128 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 122 | 12.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 30 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 23 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (99,974 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (97,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (40,623 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (38,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (10,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,915 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,963 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.