Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Romania's road diesel supply was 537 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (40%), Azerbaijan (11%) and Libya (6%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan214 kt (est. 40%)Azerbaijan61 kt (est. 11%)Libya34 kt (est. 6%)Congo20 kt (est. 4%)Russia15 kt (est. 3%)Guyana13 kt (est. 2%)Iraq9.5 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 2%)Romania: crude not from imports86 kt (16%)Romania: crude origin not reported40 kt (7%)Türkiye: no crude data21 kt (4%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)442 kt (82%)Greece40 kt (7%)Türkiye21 kt (4%)Hungary20 kt (4%)Italy8.0 kt (1%)India5.0 kt (<1%)Saudi Arabia1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply537 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Greece
- Türkiye
- Hungary
- Italy
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Kazakhstan214 kt (est. 40%)
- Azerbaijan61 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 6%)
- Congo20 kt (est. 4%)
- Russia15 kt (est. 3%)
- Guyana13 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq9.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports86 kt (16%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported40 kt (7%)
- Türkiye: no crude data21 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2025)
13.2 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Romania's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported13 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Romania (own refineries)13 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 442,000 | 82.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 40,000 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 20,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 201,041 | 45.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 85,768 | 19.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 58,287 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 39,919 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 24,298 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 21,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 19,526 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 14,523 | 72.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 13,162 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 11,443 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 8,849 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 8,489 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 7,486 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 3,872 | 19.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 2,928 | 36.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,950 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,865 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,164 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,052 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 980 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 976 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 629 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 618 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 612 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 493 | 6.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Congo | Italy | 69 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (85,768 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (39,919 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Türkiye: no crude data (21,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,984 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,164 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.