Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Romania's road diesel supply was 521 kt: 73% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (34%), Libya (7%) and Norway (6%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan178 kt (est. 34%)Libya38 kt (est. 7%)Norway30 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan25 kt (est. 5%)Congo19 kt (est. 4%)Russia16 kt (est. 3%)Iraq4.4 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.8 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports80 kt (15%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data65 kt (12%)India: no crude data26 kt (5%)Romania: crude origin not reported21 kt (4%)Israel: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)382 kt (73%)Saudi Arabia65 kt (12%)India26 kt (5%)Hungary18 kt (3%)Greece12 kt (2%)Israel7.0 kt (1%)Bulgaria4.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia3.0 kt (<1%)Türkiye3.0 kt (<1%)Italy1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply521 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Hungary
- Greece
- Israel
- Bulgaria
- Slovakia
- Other (2)
- Kazakhstan178 kt (est. 34%)
- Libya38 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway30 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan25 kt (est. 5%)
- Congo19 kt (est. 4%)
- Russia16 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq4.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins2.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports80 kt (15%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data65 kt (12%)
- India: no crude data26 kt (5%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported21 kt (4%)
- Israel: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2024)
4.4 thousand tonnes
est. <1% of Romania's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported4.4 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Greece4.3 kt (est. 98%)
- Italy0.1 kt (est. 2%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 382,000 | 73.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 65,000 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 18,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 173,411 | 45.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 79,699 | 20.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 65,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 35,908 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 29,486 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 24,085 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 20,582 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 18,830 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 13,537 | 75.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 4,268 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,268 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 3,044 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 3,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 2,805 | 93.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,812 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,711 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 930 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 489 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 356 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 332 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 264 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 255 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 195 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 181 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 154 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 120 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 97 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 90 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 34 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Italy | 31 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 28 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (79,699 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (65,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (20,582 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Israel: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,289 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,162 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.