Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Romania's road diesel supply was 645 kt: 70% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (14%) and India (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (35%), Azerbaijan (7%) and Libya (6%), and 43% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan223 kt (est. 35%)Azerbaijan44 kt (est. 7%)Libya40 kt (est. 6%)Norway30 kt (est. 5%)Russia21 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia7.3 kt (est. 1%)Iraq2.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports116 kt (18%)Türkiye: no crude data90 kt (14%)India: no crude data33 kt (5%)Israel: no crude data23 kt (4%)Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)453 kt (70%)Türkiye90 kt (14%)India33 kt (5%)Hungary28 kt (4%)Israel23 kt (4%)Greece7.0 kt (1%)Saudi Arabia6.0 kt (<1%)Bulgaria3.0 kt (<1%)Austria1.0 kt (<1%)Serbia1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply645 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- India
- Hungary
- Israel
- Greece
- Saudi Arabia
- Bulgaria
- Other (2)
- Kazakhstan223 kt (est. 35%)
- Azerbaijan44 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya40 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway30 kt (est. 5%)
- Russia21 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia7.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq2.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports116 kt (18%)
- Türkiye: no crude data90 kt (14%)
- India: no crude data33 kt (5%)
- Israel: no crude data23 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2025)
2.3 thousand tonnes
est. <1% of Romania's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported2.3 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Greece2.3 kt (est. 99%)
- Austrialess than 0.1 kt (est. 1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 453,000 | 70.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 90,000 | 14.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 28,000 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 23,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 218,331 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 116,454 | 25.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 90,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 43,730 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 38,444 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 33,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 29,634 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 23,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Hungary | 21,229 | 75.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania (own refineries) | 6,407 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 4,279 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 2,950 | 98.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 2,276 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,179 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 2,070 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 991 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 694 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 493 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 491 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 423 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 367 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 189 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 141 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 56 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 54 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 50 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 38 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Austria | 31 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (116,454 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (90,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (33,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (23,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,385 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,988 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.