Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Romania's road diesel supply was 658 kt: 68% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (14%) and the United States (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (29%) and Azerbaijan (6%), and 48% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan193 kt (est. 29%)Azerbaijan41 kt (est. 6%)Libya27 kt (est. 4%)Congo19 kt (est. 3%)Norway17 kt (est. 3%)Canada11 kt (est. 2%)Côte d’Ivoire10 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins23 kt (est. 3%)Romania: crude not from imports108 kt (16%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data90 kt (14%)United States: no crude data35 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data28 kt (4%)Romania: crude origin not reported20 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data16 kt (2%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)445 kt (68%)Saudi Arabia90 kt (14%)United States35 kt (5%)Türkiye28 kt (4%)Kuwait16 kt (2%)Italy15 kt (2%)Bulgaria13 kt (2%)Hungary6.0 kt (<1%)Greece3.0 kt (<1%)United Arab Emirates2.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers5.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply658 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Türkiye
- Kuwait
- Italy
- Bulgaria
- Hungary
- Other (6)
- Kazakhstan193 kt (est. 29%)
- Azerbaijan41 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya27 kt (est. 4%)
- Congo19 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway17 kt (est. 3%)
- Canada11 kt (est. 2%)
- Côte d’Ivoire10 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins23 kt (est. 3%)
- Romania: crude not from imports108 kt (16%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data90 kt (14%)
- United States: no crude data35 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data28 kt (4%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported20 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data16 kt (2%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2024)
15.0 thousand tonnes
2% of Romania's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins6.8 kt (est. 45%)
- Libya2.8 kt (est. 19%)
- Azerbaijan2.5 kt (est. 17%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 445,000 | 67.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 90,000 | 13.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Romania: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 28,000 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 16,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 15,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 13,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Romania: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 0.8% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 189,368 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 108,394 | 24.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 90,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 38,416 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 35,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 28,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 23,421 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 19,565 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 19,280 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 16,709 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 16,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 12,826 | 98.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Romania (own refineries) | 11,425 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 10,140 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 8,283 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 6,814 | 45.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 4,677 | 77.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 3,000 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,846 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 2,549 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,936 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 1,419 | 141.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,374 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 845 | 28.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 827 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 620 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 496 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 478 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 269 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 235 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 179 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 174 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 117 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 110 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 70 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 63 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 34 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 30 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Canada | Other suppliers | 9 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Other suppliers | 4 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (108,394 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (90,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (35,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (28,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (19,565 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (16,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (12,826 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,650 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (97 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.