Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, Romania's road diesel supply was 539 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (16%) and Türkiye (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (19%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Guyana (8%), and 57% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan102 kt (est. 19%)Azerbaijan66 kt (est. 12%)Guyana43 kt (est. 8%)Libya14 kt (est. 3%)Ukraine3.9 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.3 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports118 kt (22%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data88 kt (16%)Türkiye: no crude data73 kt (14%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported18 kt (3%)Egypt: no crude data11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)346 kt (64%)Saudi Arabia88 kt (16%)Türkiye73 kt (14%)Bulgaria18 kt (3%)Egypt11 kt (2%)Italy2.0 kt (<1%)Greece1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply539 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Türkiye
- Bulgaria
- Egypt
- Italy
- Greece
- Kazakhstan102 kt (est. 19%)
- Azerbaijan66 kt (est. 12%)
- Guyana43 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya14 kt (est. 3%)
- Ukraine3.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports118 kt (22%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data88 kt (16%)
- Türkiye: no crude data73 kt (14%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported18 kt (3%)
- Egypt: no crude data11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Apr 2026)
2.0 thousand tonnes
<1% of Romania's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. 33%)
- Libya0.5 kt (est. 27%)
- Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. 14%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 346,000 | 64.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 88,000 | 16.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 73,000 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 18,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Romania: road diesel supply | 11,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 118,355 | 34.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 101,765 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 88,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 73,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 65,506 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 42,929 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 13,512 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 11,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Ukraine | Romania (own refineries) | 3,934 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 652 | 32.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 537 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 275 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 274 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 261 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 208 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 183 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 175 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 167 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 121 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 66 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 55 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 27 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (118,355 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (88,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (73,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (18,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (11,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (27 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.