Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Romania's road diesel supply was 599 kt: 58% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (17%), Bulgaria (11%) and Egypt (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (20%) and Azerbaijan (9%), and 65% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan121 kt (est. 20%)Azerbaijan56 kt (est. 9%)Norway17 kt (est. 3%)Russia7.8 kt (est. 1%)Iraq1.9 kt (est. <1%)Libya1.1 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.8 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports109 kt (18%)Türkiye: no crude data99 kt (17%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported61 kt (10%)Romania: crude origin not reported47 kt (8%)Egypt: no crude data39 kt (7%)Israel: no crude data21 kt (4%)India: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)348 kt (58%)Türkiye99 kt (17%)Bulgaria66 kt (11%)Egypt39 kt (7%)Israel21 kt (4%)Hungary11 kt (2%)India8.0 kt (1%)Greece6.0 kt (1%)Saudi Arabia1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply599 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Bulgaria
- Egypt
- Israel
- Hungary
- India
- Greece
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan121 kt (est. 20%)
- Azerbaijan56 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway17 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia7.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq1.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya1.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports109 kt (18%)
- Türkiye: no crude data99 kt (17%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported61 kt (10%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported47 kt (8%)
- Egypt: no crude data39 kt (7%)
- Israel: no crude data21 kt (4%)
- India: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
120.9 thousand tonnes
est. 20% of Romania's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported121 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Romania (own refineries)118 kt (est. 98%)
- Greece1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Hungary1.0 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 348,000 | 58.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 99,000 | 16.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 66,000 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Romania: road diesel supply | 39,000 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 11,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 118,409 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 109,212 | 31.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 99,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 60,744 | 92.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 56,330 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 47,134 | 13.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 39,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 21,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 16,916 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Hungary | 7,797 | 70.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 5,256 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 1,865 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,661 | 15.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 1,440 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,116 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 1,008 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 797 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 535 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 290 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 234 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 129 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 129 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (109,212 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (99,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (60,744 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (47,134 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (39,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (21,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (8,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,917 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (129 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.