Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Romania's jet fuel supply was 62 kt: 94% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (38%), Azerbaijan (15%) and Guyana (6%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 38%)Azerbaijan9.0 kt (est. 15%)Guyana3.5 kt (est. 6%)Canada2.5 kt (est. 4%)Libya2.1 kt (est. 3%)Norway0.9 kt (est. 1%)Ukraine0.7 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins1.3 kt (est. 2%)Romania: crude not from imports18 kt (28%)Türkiye: no crude data1.0 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)58 kt (94%)Belgium3.0 kt (5%)Türkiye1.0 kt (2%)Romania: jet fuel supply62 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Türkiye
- Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 38%)
- Azerbaijan9.0 kt (est. 15%)
- Guyana3.5 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada2.5 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya2.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway0.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Ukraine0.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins1.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports18 kt (28%)
- Türkiye: no crude data1.0 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this jet fuel, an estimate (Jun 2026)
23.4 thousand tonnes
est. 38% of Romania's jet fuel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported23 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Romania (own refineries)23 kt (est. 98%)
- Belgium0.4 kt (est. 2%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: jet fuel supply | 58,000 | 93.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Romania: jet fuel supply | 3,000 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 23,038 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 17,506 | 30.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 8,999 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 3,319 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Romania (own refineries) | 2,459 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 1,992 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,318 | 43.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 910 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Romania (own refineries) | 688 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 409 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 161 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 77 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 67 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 58 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month that can be drawn, the month its country page shows). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (17,506 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (1,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (58 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.