Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Romania's road diesel supply was 531 kt: 76% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (9%), Türkiye (7%) and Hungary (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (39%), Azerbaijan (10%) and Libya (6%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan209 kt (est. 39%)Azerbaijan52 kt (est. 10%)Libya34 kt (est. 6%)Russia23 kt (est. 4%)Guyana22 kt (est. 4%)Congo18 kt (est. 3%)Iraq15 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins9.0 kt (est. 2%)Romania: crude not from imports82 kt (15%)Türkiye: no crude data39 kt (7%)Romania: crude origin not reported18 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)404 kt (76%)Greece50 kt (9%)Türkiye39 kt (7%)Hungary30 kt (6%)Austria3.0 kt (<1%)India2.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia2.0 kt (<1%)Israel1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply531 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan209 kt (est. 39%)
- Azerbaijan52 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 6%)
- Russia23 kt (est. 4%)
- Guyana22 kt (est. 4%)
- Congo18 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq15 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins9.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports82 kt (15%)
- Türkiye: no crude data39 kt (7%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported18 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2025)
33.9 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Romania's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported34 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Romania (own refineries)23 kt (est. 67%)
- Greece11 kt (est. 31%)
- Austria0.6 kt (est. 2%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 404,000 | 76.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 50,000 | 9.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 39,000 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 30,000 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 190,324 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 81,664 | 20.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 50,888 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 39,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 22,677 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 21,867 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 21,490 | 71.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 18,358 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 18,223 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 15,269 | 30.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 14,493 | 29.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 10,690 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 7,150 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 4,750 | 15.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 2,286 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 1,795 | 89.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,640 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,473 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,444 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 954 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 582 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 286 | 9.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 283 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 147 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 114 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 63 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 63 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 28 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (81,664 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (39,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (18,358 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,960 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,730 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.