Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Romania's petrol supply was 206 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (38%), Azerbaijan (15%) and Guyana (5%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan77 kt (est. 38%)Azerbaijan30 kt (est. 15%)Guyana11 kt (est. 5%)Canada8.3 kt (est. 4%)Libya7.4 kt (est. 4%)Russia6.3 kt (est. 3%)Ukraine2.7 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins2.9 kt (est. 1%)Romania: crude not from imports59 kt (29%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)195 kt (95%)Slovakia10 kt (5%)Hungary1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: petrol supply206 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Hungary
- Kazakhstan77 kt (est. 38%)
- Azerbaijan30 kt (est. 15%)
- Guyana11 kt (est. 5%)
- Canada8.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya7.4 kt (est. 4%)
- Russia6.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Ukraine2.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins2.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports59 kt (29%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this petrol, an estimate (Jun 2026)
6.3 thousand tonnes
est. 3% of Romania's petrol supply
less than 0.1 kt reported6.3 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Slovakia5.7 kt (est. 91%)
- Hungary0.6 kt (est. 9%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: petrol supply | 195,000 | 94.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Romania: petrol supply | 10,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 77,454 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 58,855 | 30.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 30,254 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 11,159 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Romania (own refineries) | 8,266 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 6,696 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 5,703 | 57.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,900 | 29.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Romania (own refineries) | 2,315 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 595 | 59.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Slovakia | 545 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 477 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Slovakia | 376 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Hungary | 271 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 80 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 23 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Hungary | 21 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 10 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of petrol in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (58,855 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (545 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (80 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.