Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Romania's road diesel supply was 511 kt: 51% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (15%), Saudi Arabia (7%) and Greece (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (22%), and 58% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan112 kt (est. 22%)Libya25 kt (est. 5%)Norway25 kt (est. 5%)Iraq18 kt (est. 3%)Russia11 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan6.6 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia3.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 2%)Romania: crude not from imports102 kt (20%)India: no crude data78 kt (15%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data35 kt (7%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported29 kt (6%)Türkiye: no crude data26 kt (5%)Romania: crude origin not reported14 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)261 kt (51%)India78 kt (15%)Saudi Arabia35 kt (7%)Greece30 kt (6%)Bulgaria29 kt (6%)Türkiye26 kt (5%)Italy19 kt (4%)Austria12 kt (2%)Hungary12 kt (2%)Kuwait7.0 kt (1%)Other suppliers2.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply511 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Bulgaria
- Türkiye
- Italy
- Austria
- Other (4)
- Kazakhstan112 kt (est. 22%)
- Libya25 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway25 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq18 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia11 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan6.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia3.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports102 kt (20%)
- India: no crude data78 kt (15%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data35 kt (7%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported29 kt (6%)
- Türkiye: no crude data26 kt (5%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported14 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Nov 2023)
2.0 thousand tonnes
<1% of Romania's road diesel supply
Calculated
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (50%)
- Russia0.9 kt (est. 45%)
- Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. 4%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 261,000 | 51.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 78,000 | 15.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 30,000 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 29,000 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 19,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.4% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 102,475 | 39.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 100,360 | 38.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 78,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 35,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 28,975 | 99.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 23,795 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 16,921 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 14,382 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 14,351 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 9,863 | 82.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 5,585 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 5,250 | 43.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 4,568 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 4,500 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 3,149 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 3,067 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,908 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,874 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,556 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,781 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,758 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 1,680 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,537 | 12.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,373 | 7.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,301 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,297 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,223 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 1,001 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Other suppliers | 891 | 89.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 703 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 701 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 625 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 485 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 445 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 415 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 365 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 237 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 236 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 235 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 74 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 34 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (102,475 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (78,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (35,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (28,975 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Türkiye: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (14,382 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,080 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,979 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.