Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Romania's road diesel supply was 659 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (14%) and Saudi Arabia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (22%), and 61% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan144 kt (est. 22%)Libya31 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 4%)Norway17 kt (est. 3%)Oman14 kt (est. 2%)Iraq10 kt (est. 2%)Russia6.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins8.7 kt (est. 1%)Romania: crude not from imports163 kt (25%)India: no crude data90 kt (14%)Romania: crude origin not reported44 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data39 kt (6%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported26 kt (4%)Türkiye: no crude data26 kt (4%)Israel: no crude data11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)424 kt (64%)India90 kt (14%)Saudi Arabia39 kt (6%)Bulgaria26 kt (4%)Türkiye26 kt (4%)Greece21 kt (3%)Italy14 kt (2%)Israel11 kt (2%)Hungary8.0 kt (1%)Romania: road diesel supply659 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Bulgaria
- Türkiye
- Greece
- Italy
- Israel
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan144 kt (est. 22%)
- Libya31 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway17 kt (est. 3%)
- Oman14 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq10 kt (est. 2%)
- Russia6.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins8.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports163 kt (25%)
- India: no crude data90 kt (14%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported44 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data39 kt (6%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported26 kt (4%)
- Türkiye: no crude data26 kt (4%)
- Israel: no crude data11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2023)
11.0 thousand tonnes
2% of Romania's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Israel11 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 424,000 | 64.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 90,000 | 13.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 39,000 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 14,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 11,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 163,102 | 38.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 138,170 | 32.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 90,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 43,751 | 10.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 39,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 26,219 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 23,323 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 15,763 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman | Romania (own refineries) | 13,672 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 11,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 9,014 | 42.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 6,159 | 77.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 5,536 | 39.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 4,717 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,897 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 2,813 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,648 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,608 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,348 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,036 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 1,003 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 979 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 488 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 463 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 298 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 272 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 246 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 246 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 229 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (163,102 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (90,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (43,751 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (39,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (26,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Türkiye: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (11,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,620 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (692 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.