Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Romania's road diesel supply was 700 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (20%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (30%) and Azerbaijan (6%), and 47% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan208 kt (est. 30%)Azerbaijan44 kt (est. 6%)Norway33 kt (est. 5%)Libya26 kt (est. 4%)Congo21 kt (est. 3%)Canada15 kt (est. 2%)Côte d’Ivoire11 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins14 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data137 kt (20%)Romania: crude not from imports109 kt (16%)United States: no crude data26 kt (4%)Romania: crude origin not reported22 kt (3%)Israel: no crude data21 kt (3%)India: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)482 kt (69%)Saudi Arabia137 kt (20%)United States26 kt (4%)Israel21 kt (3%)Italy11 kt (2%)Hungary9.0 kt (1%)India8.0 kt (1%)Germany2.0 kt (<1%)Bulgaria1.0 kt (<1%)Egypt1.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers2.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply700 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Israel
- Italy
- Hungary
- India
- Germany
- Other (4)
- Kazakhstan208 kt (est. 30%)
- Azerbaijan44 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway33 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya26 kt (est. 4%)
- Congo21 kt (est. 3%)
- Canada15 kt (est. 2%)
- Côte d’Ivoire11 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins14 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data137 kt (20%)
- Romania: crude not from imports109 kt (16%)
- United States: no crude data26 kt (4%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported22 kt (3%)
- Israel: no crude data21 kt (3%)
- India: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2024)
21.0 thousand tonnes
3% of Romania's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Israel21 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 482,000 | 68.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 137,000 | 19.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Romania: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 11,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 9,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 205,356 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 137,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 109,482 | 22.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 41,752 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 31,855 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 24,587 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 22,268 | 4.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 21,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 20,876 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Romania (own refineries) | 14,845 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 10,979 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 7,509 | 83.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 4,902 | 44.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,710 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,529 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,461 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,314 | 14.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 956 | 95.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 951 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 897 | 44.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 496 | 49.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 435 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 268 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 256 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 243 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 177 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 146 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 138 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 110 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 106 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Italy | 98 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 74 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 73 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 44 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 41 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Canada | Germany | 30 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 23 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 12 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (137,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (109,482 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United States: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (22,268 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Israel: no crude data (21,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (8,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,349 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,184 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.