Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Romania's road diesel supply was 647 kt: 67% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (15%) and Türkiye (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (25%), Libya (6%) and Norway (6%), and 55% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan160 kt (est. 25%)Libya42 kt (est. 6%)Norway36 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan22 kt (est. 3%)Oman14 kt (est. 2%)Russia6.4 kt (est. <1%)United States2.9 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins6.1 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports126 kt (20%)India: no crude data98 kt (15%)Türkiye: no crude data63 kt (10%)Romania: crude origin not reported43 kt (7%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported21 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)434 kt (67%)India98 kt (15%)Türkiye63 kt (10%)Bulgaria21 kt (3%)Italy19 kt (3%)Hungary5.0 kt (<1%)Saudi Arabia3.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia2.0 kt (<1%)United Arab Emirates2.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply647 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- India
- Türkiye
- Bulgaria
- Italy
- Hungary
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan160 kt (est. 25%)
- Libya42 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway36 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan22 kt (est. 3%)
- Oman14 kt (est. 2%)
- Russia6.4 kt (est. <1%)
- United States2.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins6.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports126 kt (20%)
- India: no crude data98 kt (15%)
- Türkiye: no crude data63 kt (10%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported43 kt (7%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported21 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2023)
98.0 thousand tonnes
15% of Romania's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- India98 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 434,000 | 67.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 98,000 | 15.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 63,000 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 19,000 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 158,035 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 126,205 | 29.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| India: no crude data | India | 98,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 63,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 43,289 | 10.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 38,673 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 35,809 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 21,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 18,461 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman | Romania (own refineries) | 13,528 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 5,833 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 4,638 | 92.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 3,478 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 3,236 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 3,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy | 2,882 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 1,791 | 89.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,707 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 688 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 593 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 583 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 247 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 209 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 97 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 17 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (126,205 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (98,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (63,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (43,289 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (21,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (831 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (593 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.