Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Romania's road diesel supply was 634 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (37%) and Azerbaijan (12%), and 39% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan234 kt (est. 37%)Azerbaijan74 kt (est. 12%)Libya30 kt (est. 5%)Guyana25 kt (est. 4%)Russia19 kt (est. 3%)Iraq2.6 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia1.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. <1%)Türkiye: no crude data113 kt (18%)Romania: crude not from imports105 kt (17%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data15 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)456 kt (72%)Türkiye113 kt (18%)Hungary25 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia15 kt (2%)Greece10 kt (2%)Austria7.0 kt (1%)India6.0 kt (<1%)Bulgaria2.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply634 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Hungary
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Austria
- India
- Bulgaria
- Kazakhstan234 kt (est. 37%)
- Azerbaijan74 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya30 kt (est. 5%)
- Guyana25 kt (est. 4%)
- Russia19 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq2.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia1.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Türkiye: no crude data113 kt (18%)
- Romania: crude not from imports105 kt (17%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2025)
15.0 thousand tonnes
2% of Romania's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Saudi Arabia15 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 456,000 | 71.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 113,000 | 17.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 15,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 227,150 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 113,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 104,838 | 23.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 73,139 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 25,823 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 25,050 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 18,544 | 74.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 5,167 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 3,842 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,952 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 2,647 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,393 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 1,769 | 88.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,347 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 929 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 777 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 625 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 603 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 541 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 411 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 392 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 302 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 274 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 231 | 11.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 129 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 124 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (113,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (104,838 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,790 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,394 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.