Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Romania's road diesel supply was 651 kt: 70% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (14%) and Egypt (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (34%) and Libya (6%), and 46% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan221 kt (est. 34%)Libya39 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan20 kt (est. 3%)Congo20 kt (est. 3%)Norway16 kt (est. 2%)Côte d’Ivoire11 kt (est. 2%)Russia8.6 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins16 kt (est. 2%)Romania: crude not from imports95 kt (15%)Türkiye: no crude data90 kt (14%)Egypt: no crude data34 kt (5%)Romania: crude origin not reported33 kt (5%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported28 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)Kuwait: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)454 kt (70%)Türkiye90 kt (14%)Egypt34 kt (5%)Bulgaria28 kt (4%)Greece12 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia9.0 kt (1%)Slovakia8.0 kt (1%)Kuwait7.0 kt (1%)Hungary3.0 kt (<1%)Italy3.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers3.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply651 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Egypt
- Bulgaria
- Greece
- Saudi Arabia
- Slovakia
- Kuwait
- Other (5)
- Kazakhstan221 kt (est. 34%)
- Libya39 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan20 kt (est. 3%)
- Congo20 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway16 kt (est. 2%)
- Côte d’Ivoire11 kt (est. 2%)
- Russia8.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins16 kt (est. 2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports95 kt (15%)
- Türkiye: no crude data90 kt (14%)
- Egypt: no crude data34 kt (5%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported33 kt (5%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported28 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)
- Kuwait: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2024)
95.4 thousand tonnes
15% of Romania's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Romania (own refineries)95 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 454,000 | 69.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 90,000 | 13.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Romania: road diesel supply | 34,000 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 28,000 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 9,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 217,162 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 95,440 | 21.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 90,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 36,414 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 34,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 32,890 | 7.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 28,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 19,822 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 18,794 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 14,536 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 10,425 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 9,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 8,516 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 6,366 | 79.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,555 | 46.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,929 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 2,213 | 73.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,963 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,229 | 41.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 840 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Greece | 809 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 690 | 69.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 624 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 615 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 591 | 59.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 582 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 531 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 402 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 391 | 13.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 343 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 286 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 219 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 212 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 196 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Greece | 128 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 72 | 7.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 72 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 65 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 53 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 18 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Other suppliers | 4 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Romania split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (95,440 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (90,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (34,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (32,890 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (28,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (9,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,114 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (65 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.