Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Romania's road diesel supply was 603 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (18%) and Greece (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (20%) and Azerbaijan (10%), and 57% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan124 kt (est. 20%)Azerbaijan58 kt (est. 10%)Norway24 kt (est. 4%)Iraq21 kt (est. 3%)Libya14 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia7.6 kt (est. 1%)Russia7.6 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins3.2 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports163 kt (27%)Türkiye: no crude data109 kt (18%)Romania: crude origin not reported48 kt (8%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)393 kt (65%)Türkiye109 kt (18%)Greece66 kt (11%)Hungary12 kt (2%)Bulgaria11 kt (2%)Egypt5.0 kt (<1%)Italy3.0 kt (<1%)Israel3.0 kt (<1%)India1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply603 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Greece
- Hungary
- Bulgaria
- Egypt
- Israel
- Italy
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan124 kt (est. 20%)
- Azerbaijan58 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway24 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq21 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya14 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia7.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Russia7.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins3.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports163 kt (27%)
- Türkiye: no crude data109 kt (18%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported48 kt (8%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
48.3 thousand tonnes
8% of Romania's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Romania (own refineries)48 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 393,000 | 65.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 109,000 | 18.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 66,000 | 10.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 11,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Romania: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 163,047 | 41.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 109,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 104,774 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 56,703 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 48,267 | 12.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 20,829 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 20,209 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 16,602 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 12,854 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 10,560 | 96.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia | Hungary | 7,570 | 63.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 7,382 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Greece | 3,827 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 3,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,851 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,840 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 1,788 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,332 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,323 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 801 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 649 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 582 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 453 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 440 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 420 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 275 | 9.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 268 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 256 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 72 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 27 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (163,047 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (109,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (48,267 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (10,560 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (9,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,555 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,349 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.