Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Romania's road diesel supply was 685 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (33%) and Libya (5%), and 50% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan224 kt (est. 33%)Libya34 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan32 kt (est. 5%)Norway19 kt (est. 3%)Russia11 kt (est. 2%)Gabon10 kt (est. 1%)Iraq7.9 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins6.2 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports132 kt (19%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data89 kt (13%)Romania: crude origin not reported56 kt (8%)Egypt: no crude data28 kt (4%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported27 kt (4%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)490 kt (72%)Saudi Arabia89 kt (13%)Egypt28 kt (4%)Bulgaria27 kt (4%)Greece20 kt (3%)Hungary14 kt (2%)Italy7.0 kt (1%)Germany3.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia2.0 kt (<1%)United Arab Emirates2.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers3.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply685 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Bulgaria
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Germany
- Other (5)
- Kazakhstan224 kt (est. 33%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan32 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway19 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia11 kt (est. 2%)
- Gabon10 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq7.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins6.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports132 kt (19%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data89 kt (13%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported56 kt (8%)
- Egypt: no crude data28 kt (4%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported27 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2024)
3.2 thousand tonnes
<1% of Romania's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Hungary1.9 kt (59%)
- Italy0.6 kt (17%)
- Slovakia0.4 kt (13%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 490,000 | 71.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 89,000 | 13.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Romania: road diesel supply | 28,000 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 27,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 20,000 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 14,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.4% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| United Arab Emirates | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 214,982 | 43.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 131,870 | 26.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 89,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 55,871 | 11.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 30,885 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 29,150 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 28,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 27,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 17,178 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Gabon | Romania (own refineries) | 10,064 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 9,973 | 71.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 7,179 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 5,359 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 3,273 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 3,000 | 300.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,510 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 2,026 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 1,903 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,888 | 13.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,588 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 1,361 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,246 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 1,216 | 60.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,189 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 893 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 581 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 571 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 555 | 7.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 403 | 20.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 364 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 342 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 317 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 265 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 237 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 206 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 179 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 116 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 89 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 76 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 56 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Gabon | Italy | 32 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Gabon | Germany | 4 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (131,870 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (89,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (55,871 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (28,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (27,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,219 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (206 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.