Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Romania's road diesel supply was 620 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (34%) and Azerbaijan (11%), and 43% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan214 kt (est. 34%)Azerbaijan70 kt (est. 11%)Libya27 kt (est. 4%)Norway16 kt (est. 3%)Russia12 kt (est. 2%)Guyana11 kt (est. 2%)Iraq1.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports125 kt (20%)Türkiye: no crude data101 kt (16%)India: no crude data13 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)Israel: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)458 kt (74%)Türkiye101 kt (16%)Hungary15 kt (2%)India13 kt (2%)Kuwait8.0 kt (1%)Israel7.0 kt (1%)Saudi Arabia6.0 kt (<1%)Greece5.0 kt (<1%)Austria4.0 kt (<1%)Bulgaria3.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply620 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Hungary
- India
- Kuwait
- Israel
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Other (2)
- Kazakhstan214 kt (est. 34%)
- Azerbaijan70 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya27 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway16 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia12 kt (est. 2%)
- Guyana11 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq1.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports125 kt (20%)
- Türkiye: no crude data101 kt (16%)
- India: no crude data13 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)
- Israel: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2025)
6.0 thousand tonnes
<1% of Romania's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Saudi Arabia6.0 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 458,000 | 73.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 101,000 | 16.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 15,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 13,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 210,332 | 45.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 125,234 | 27.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 101,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 69,540 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 25,825 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 16,024 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Hungary | 11,620 | 77.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 11,046 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 3,009 | 20.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 2,836 | 94.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 2,049 | 51.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 1,471 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 1,281 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 906 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 738 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 715 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 456 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 390 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 371 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 339 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 276 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Greece | 180 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 169 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 164 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 29 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (125,234 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (101,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (8,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,839 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,175 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.