Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Romania's road diesel supply was 688 kt: 56% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (33%), and 51% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan228 kt (est. 33%)Libya34 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan29 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 2%)Russia13 kt (est. 2%)Iraq7.5 kt (est. 1%)Norway6.8 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins8.1 kt (est. 1%)India: no crude data127 kt (18%)Romania: crude not from imports99 kt (14%)Türkiye: no crude data34 kt (5%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported31 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data30 kt (4%)Israel: no crude data16 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery1.0 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)382 kt (56%)India127 kt (18%)Türkiye34 kt (5%)Bulgaria32 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia30 kt (4%)Hungary19 kt (3%)Austria17 kt (2%)Israel16 kt (2%)Italy15 kt (2%)Greece14 kt (2%)Other suppliers2.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply688 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- India
- Türkiye
- Bulgaria
- Saudi Arabia
- Hungary
- Austria
- Israel
- Other (4)
- Kazakhstan228 kt (est. 33%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan29 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 2%)
- Russia13 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq7.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Norway6.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins8.1 kt (est. 1%)
- India: no crude data127 kt (18%)
- Romania: crude not from imports99 kt (14%)
- Türkiye: no crude data34 kt (5%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported31 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data30 kt (4%)
- Israel: no crude data16 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery1.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 382,000 | 55.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 127,000 | 18.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 34,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 32,000 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 30,000 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 19,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 17,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 16,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 15,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 14,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 216,629 | 56.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 127,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 98,819 | 25.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 34,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 30,950 | 96.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 30,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 26,890 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 24,873 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 16,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Hungary | 12,967 | 68.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania (own refineries) | 8,403 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 6,386 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 5,825 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 4,539 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 3,979 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,867 | 27.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 3,519 | 18.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 2,973 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 2,915 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,896 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,865 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 2,710 | 15.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 2,034 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 1,697 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,596 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,497 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,303 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,130 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,116 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 1,050 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,022 | 6.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 817 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 809 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 710 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 699 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 567 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 530 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 418 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (127,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (98,819 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (34,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (30,950 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (30,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (16,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,121 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,710 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (1,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.