Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Romania's petrol supply was 245 kt: 97% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (55%), Libya (7%) and Azerbaijan (6%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan136 kt (est. 55%)Libya17 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia5.2 kt (est. 2%)Russia4.8 kt (est. 2%)Norway4.0 kt (est. 2%)Hungary0.3 kt (est. <1%)Croatia0.3 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports62 kt (25%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)238 kt (97%)Hungary6.0 kt (2%)Slovakia1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: petrol supply245 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Hungary
- Slovakia
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: petrol supply | 238,000 | 97.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Hungary | Romania: petrol supply | 6,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 134,968 | 56.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 61,568 | 25.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 16,753 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 15,497 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania (own refineries) | 5,235 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 4,095 | 68.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 3,979 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,111 | 18.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 720 | 72.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 536 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 279 | 27.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary | 258 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of petrol in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (61,568 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,112 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.