Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Romania's jet fuel supply was 39 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports from Türkiye (41%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (19%), and 70% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan7.5 kt (est. 19%)Libya1.4 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan1.3 kt (est. 3%)Norway0.9 kt (est. 2%)Oman0.7 kt (est. 2%)Türkiye: no crude data16 kt (41%)Romania: crude not from imports8.8 kt (23%)Romania: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (6%)Romania (own refineries)23 kt (59%)Türkiye16 kt (41%)Romania: jet fuel supply39 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: jet fuel supply | 23,000 | 59.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: jet fuel supply | 16,000 | 41.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 16,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 8,847 | 38.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 7,495 | 32.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 2,373 | 10.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 1,422 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 1,265 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 855 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman | Romania (own refineries) | 742 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (16,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (8,847 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (2,373 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.