Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Romania's petrol supply was 277 kt: 98% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (32%), Libya (6%) and Azerbaijan (5%), and 48% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan88 kt (est. 32%)Libya17 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 5%)Norway10 kt (est. 4%)Oman8.7 kt (est. 3%)Russia4.8 kt (est. 2%)Hungary0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports104 kt (38%)Romania: crude origin not reported28 kt (10%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)271 kt (98%)Hungary4.0 kt (1%)Slovakia2.0 kt (<1%)Romania: petrol supply277 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Hungary
- Slovakia
- Kazakhstan88 kt (est. 32%)
- Libya17 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway10 kt (est. 4%)
- Oman8.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia4.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Hungary0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports104 kt (38%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported28 kt (10%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: petrol supply | 271,000 | 97.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Hungary | Romania: petrol supply | 4,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 104,247 | 38.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 88,311 | 32.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 27,964 | 10.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 16,758 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 14,907 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 10,075 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman | Romania (own refineries) | 8,739 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 3,080 | 77.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 1,764 | 88.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 674 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 181 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 123 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 123 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 55 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (104,247 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (27,964 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (674 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.