Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Romania's road diesel supply was 680 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (10%) and Kuwait (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (25%) and Libya (8%), and 54% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan167 kt (est. 25%)Libya56 kt (est. 8%)Congo20 kt (est. 3%)Norway20 kt (est. 3%)Russia16 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 2%)Iraq12 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins6.4 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports124 kt (18%)India: no crude data67 kt (10%)Kuwait: no crude data61 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data33 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data25 kt (4%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported24 kt (4%)Türkiye: no crude data23 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)387 kt (57%)India67 kt (10%)Kuwait61 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia33 kt (5%)Bulgaria25 kt (4%)Greece25 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates25 kt (4%)Türkiye23 kt (3%)Hungary21 kt (3%)Austria10 kt (1%)Israel3.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply680 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- India
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Bulgaria
- Greece
- Türkiye
- Other (3)
- Kazakhstan167 kt (est. 25%)
- Libya56 kt (est. 8%)
- Congo20 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway20 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia16 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq12 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins6.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports124 kt (18%)
- India: no crude data67 kt (10%)
- Kuwait: no crude data61 kt (9%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data33 kt (5%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data25 kt (4%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported24 kt (4%)
- Türkiye: no crude data23 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 387,000 | 56.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 67,000 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 61,000 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Romania: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 23,000 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 156,756 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 124,111 | 32.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| India: no crude data | India | 67,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 61,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 51,568 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 33,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 25,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 24,156 | 96.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 23,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 20,344 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 20,028 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 16,233 | 77.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 14,193 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 10,790 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 4,721 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 4,371 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 4,291 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 3,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,875 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 2,595 | 12.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,024 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 1,368 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 1,107 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 968 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 844 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 826 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 805 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 684 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 676 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 644 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 532 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 490 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (124,111 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (67,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (61,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (33,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (25,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (24,156 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Türkiye: no crude data (23,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,191 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,208 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.