Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Romania's petrol supply was 263 kt: 97% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (40%), Libya (13%) and the Congo (5%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan105 kt (est. 40%)Libya35 kt (est. 13%)Congo13 kt (est. 5%)Norway13 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan9.5 kt (est. 4%)Russia4.1 kt (est. 2%)Iraq0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports82 kt (31%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)256 kt (97%)Hungary4.0 kt (2%)Austria2.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: petrol supply263 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Hungary
- Austria
- Slovakia
- Kazakhstan105 kt (est. 40%)
- Libya35 kt (est. 13%)
- Congo13 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway13 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan9.5 kt (est. 4%)
- Russia4.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports82 kt (31%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: petrol supply | 256,000 | 97.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Hungary | Romania: petrol supply | 4,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 103,694 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 82,099 | 32.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 34,112 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 13,457 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 13,249 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 9,389 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 3,092 | 77.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 959 | 95.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 874 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 494 | 12.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 405 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 260 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 194 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 165 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 153 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 135 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 129 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 98 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 41 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (82,099 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (623 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (135 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.