Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Romania's petrol supply was 248 kt: 98% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (44%), Libya (9%) and Norway (8%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan110 kt (est. 44%)Libya23 kt (est. 9%)Norway19 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 6%)Congo12 kt (est. 5%)Russia5.1 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom0.2 kt (est. <1%)Croatia0.1 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports50 kt (20%)Romania: crude origin not reported13 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)242 kt (98%)Hungary3.0 kt (1%)Slovakia3.0 kt (1%)Romania: petrol supply248 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Hungary
- Slovakia
- Kazakhstan110 kt (est. 44%)
- Libya23 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway19 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 6%)
- Congo12 kt (est. 5%)
- Russia5.1 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Croatia0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports50 kt (20%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported13 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: petrol supply | 242,000 | 97.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Hungary | Romania: petrol supply | 3,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Romania: petrol supply | 3,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 109,857 | 45.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 50,490 | 20.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 22,748 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 18,679 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 15,258 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 13,039 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 11,929 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 2,805 | 93.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 2,256 | 75.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 507 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 195 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Romania split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 155 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary | 82 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of petrol in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (50,490 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (13,039 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (507 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.