Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Romania's jet fuel supply was 28 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports from Türkiye (43%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (23%), Norway (7%) and Azerbaijan (6%), and 62% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan6.6 kt (est. 23%)Norway2.0 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan1.7 kt (est. 6%)Libya0.5 kt (est. 2%)Türkiye: no crude data12 kt (43%)Romania: crude not from imports4.3 kt (15%)Romania: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (3%)Romania (own refineries)16 kt (57%)Türkiye12 kt (43%)Romania: jet fuel supply28 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: jet fuel supply | 16,000 | 57.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: jet fuel supply | 12,000 | 42.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 12,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 6,558 | 41.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 4,302 | 26.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 2,012 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 1,676 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 930 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 521 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (12,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (4,302 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (930 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.