Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Romania's jet fuel supply was 58 kt: 98% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (44%), Azerbaijan (6%) and Libya (6%), and 38% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan25 kt (est. 44%)Azerbaijan3.6 kt (est. 6%)Libya3.6 kt (est. 6%)Norway2.0 kt (est. 4%)Gabon1.2 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia0.1 kt (est. <1%)Iraqless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports15 kt (26%)Romania: crude origin not reported6.5 kt (11%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)57 kt (98%)Austria1.0 kt (2%)Romania: jet fuel supply58 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Austria
- Kazakhstan25 kt (est. 44%)
- Azerbaijan3.6 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya3.6 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway2.0 kt (est. 4%)
- Gabon1.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraqless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports15 kt (26%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported6.5 kt (11%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: jet fuel supply | 57,000 | 98.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Austria | Romania: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 25,008 | 43.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 15,340 | 26.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 6,499 | 11.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 3,593 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 3,391 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 1,998 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Gabon | Romania (own refineries) | 1,171 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 490 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 169 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 139 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 46 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 43 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 41 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 32 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 32 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 8 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (15,340 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (6,499 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (41 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.