Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Romania's jet fuel supply was 65 kt: 94% from its own refineries, with imports from Türkiye (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (40%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 40%)Azerbaijan5.3 kt (est. 8%)Libya3.2 kt (est. 5%)Congo2.6 kt (est. 4%)Norway2.3 kt (est. 4%)Canada1.6 kt (est. 2%)Côte d’Ivoire1.4 kt (est. 2%)Gabon1.1 kt (est. 2%)Romania: crude not from imports15 kt (23%)Türkiye: no crude data4.0 kt (6%)Romania: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (4%)Romania (own refineries)61 kt (94%)Türkiye4.0 kt (6%)Romania: jet fuel supply65 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 40%)
- Azerbaijan5.3 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya3.2 kt (est. 5%)
- Congo2.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway2.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Canada1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Côte d’Ivoire1.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Gabon1.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports15 kt (23%)
- Türkiye: no crude data4.0 kt (6%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (4%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: jet fuel supply | 61,000 | 93.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 25,958 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 14,858 | 24.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 5,266 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 3,211 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 2,682 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 2,643 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 2,290 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Romania (own refineries) | 1,566 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 1,390 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Gabon | Romania (own refineries) | 1,135 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (14,858 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (4,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (2,682 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.