Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Romania's jet fuel supply was 60 kt: 92% from its own refineries, with imports from Belgium (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (39%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Libya (5%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 39%)Azerbaijan7.0 kt (est. 12%)Libya3.1 kt (est. 5%)Norway2.8 kt (est. 5%)Congo2.4 kt (est. 4%)United States1.0 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom0.4 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.8 kt (est. 3%)Romania: crude not from imports10 kt (17%)Romania: crude origin not reported7.4 kt (12%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)55 kt (92%)Belgium5.0 kt (8%)Romania: jet fuel supply60 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 39%)
- Azerbaijan7.0 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya3.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway2.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Congo2.4 kt (est. 4%)
- United States1.0 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Romania: crude not from imports10 kt (17%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported7.4 kt (12%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: jet fuel supply | 55,000 | 91.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Romania: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 23,075 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 10,154 | 18.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 7,369 | 13.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 6,998 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 2,926 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 2,380 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 1,816 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,474 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,021 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,019 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 458 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 416 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 392 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 282 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 181 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 39 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (10,154 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (7,369 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (458 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (39 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.