Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Romania's petrol supply was 270 kt: 97% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (48%), Azerbaijan (16%) and Libya (5%), and 23% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan131 kt (est. 48%)Azerbaijan42 kt (est. 16%)Libya15 kt (est. 5%)Guyana14 kt (est. 5%)Russia5.9 kt (est. 2%)Croatia0.1 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports60 kt (22%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)262 kt (97%)Hungary8.0 kt (3%)Romania: petrol supply270 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Hungary
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: petrol supply | 262,000 | 97.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Hungary | Romania: petrol supply | 8,000 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 130,511 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 60,236 | 23.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 42,023 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 14,837 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 14,393 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 5,934 | 74.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,654 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 193 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 132 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary | 88 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (60,236 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,654 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.