Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Romania's road diesel supply was 555 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (21%) and Hungary (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (33%), Azerbaijan (9%) and Libya (6%), and 42% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan183 kt (est. 33%)Azerbaijan48 kt (est. 9%)Libya35 kt (est. 6%)Norway24 kt (est. 4%)Russia21 kt (est. 4%)Iraq4.1 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia3.4 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.1 kt (est. <1%)Türkiye: no crude data114 kt (21%)Romania: crude not from imports86 kt (16%)Israel: no crude data15 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data10 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)359 kt (65%)Türkiye114 kt (21%)Hungary29 kt (5%)Austria15 kt (3%)Israel15 kt (3%)Greece12 kt (2%)Kuwait4.0 kt (<1%)Saudi Arabia4.0 kt (<1%)India2.0 kt (<1%)Bulgaria1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply555 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Hungary
- Austria
- Israel
- Greece
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- Other (2)
- Kazakhstan183 kt (est. 33%)
- Azerbaijan48 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya35 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway24 kt (est. 4%)
- Russia21 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq4.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia3.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Türkiye: no crude data114 kt (21%)
- Romania: crude not from imports86 kt (16%)
- Israel: no crude data15 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data10 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 359,000 | 64.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 114,000 | 20.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 29,000 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 15,000 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 15,000 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 171,176 | 47.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 114,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 86,287 | 24.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 46,765 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 31,262 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 23,510 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 21,477 | 74.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 7,059 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 4,973 | 17.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Kuwait | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 3,613 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,018 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,432 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 2,134 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,785 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 1,645 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,286 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,274 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 960 | 6.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 782 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 665 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 652 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 469 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 458 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 448 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 446 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 417 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (114,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (86,287 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Israel: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (10,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,041 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,960 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.