Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Romania's petrol supply was 286 kt: 99% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (49%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Libya (6%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan139 kt (est. 49%)Azerbaijan33 kt (est. 12%)Libya16 kt (est. 6%)Norway8.1 kt (est. 3%)Guyana7.2 kt (est. 3%)Côte d’Ivoire6.9 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia4.0 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins3.3 kt (est. 1%)Romania: crude not from imports68 kt (24%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)282 kt (99%)Hungary4.0 kt (1%)Romania: petrol supply286 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Hungary
- Kazakhstan139 kt (est. 49%)
- Azerbaijan33 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya16 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway8.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Guyana7.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Côte d’Ivoire6.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia4.0 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins3.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Romania: crude not from imports68 kt (24%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: petrol supply | 282,000 | 98.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Hungary | Romania: petrol supply | 4,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 138,528 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 68,325 | 24.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 33,124 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 15,820 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 8,108 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 7,218 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 6,921 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania (own refineries) | 3,955 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 3,315 | 82.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 358 | 9.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 327 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of petrol in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (68,325 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (358 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.