Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Romania's road diesel supply was 607 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (10%), India (9%) and Saudi Arabia (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (37%), Libya (10%) and Norway (6%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan225 kt (est. 37%)Libya58 kt (est. 10%)Norway33 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan29 kt (est. 5%)Iraq25 kt (est. 4%)Guyana15 kt (est. 2%)Côte d’Ivoire13 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins10 kt (est. 2%)India: no crude data57 kt (9%)Romania: crude not from imports55 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data54 kt (9%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported24 kt (4%)Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)400 kt (66%)Greece62 kt (10%)India57 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia54 kt (9%)Bulgaria24 kt (4%)Kuwait4.0 kt (<1%)Italy2.0 kt (<1%)Türkiye2.0 kt (<1%)Egypt1.0 kt (<1%)Hungary1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply607 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Greece
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Bulgaria
- Kuwait
- Italy
- Türkiye
- Other (2)
- Kazakhstan225 kt (est. 37%)
- Libya58 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway33 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan29 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq25 kt (est. 4%)
- Guyana15 kt (est. 2%)
- Côte d’Ivoire13 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins10 kt (est. 2%)
- India: no crude data57 kt (9%)
- Romania: crude not from imports55 kt (9%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data54 kt (9%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported24 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 400,000 | 65.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 62,000 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 57,000 | 9.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 54,000 | 8.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 24,000 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 211,640 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 57,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 55,338 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 54,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 47,356 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 30,595 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 25,407 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 24,444 | 39.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 24,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 14,899 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 13,169 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 12,599 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 10,182 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 7,190 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Kuwait | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 3,428 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 2,790 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 1,596 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,367 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 782 | 39.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 713 | 71.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 489 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 301 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 179 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 156 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 148 | 7.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 130 | 13.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 62 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 24 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Italy | 15 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (57,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (55,338 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (54,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (24,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,367 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (278 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.