Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Romania's jet fuel supply was 67 kt: 93% from its own refineries, with imports from Belgium (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (50%), Libya (11%) and Norway (9%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan34 kt (est. 50%)Libya7.3 kt (est. 11%)Norway5.9 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan3.9 kt (est. 6%)Guyana2.6 kt (est. 4%)Côte d’Ivoire2.0 kt (est. 3%)United States0.6 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.8 kt (est. 3%)Romania: crude not from imports8.6 kt (13%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)62 kt (93%)Belgium5.0 kt (7%)Romania: jet fuel supply67 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Kazakhstan34 kt (est. 50%)
- Libya7.3 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway5.9 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan3.9 kt (est. 6%)
- Guyana2.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Côte d’Ivoire2.0 kt (est. 3%)
- United States0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Romania: crude not from imports8.6 kt (13%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: jet fuel supply | 62,000 | 92.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Romania: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 32,804 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 8,577 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 7,340 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 4,742 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 3,938 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 2,309 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 2,041 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,567 | 31.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,160 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 907 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 588 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 410 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 301 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 247 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 59 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 9 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (8,577 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (410 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (59 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.