Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Romania's road diesel supply was 566 kt: 67% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (17%) and Kuwait (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (28%), Azerbaijan (9%) and Norway (6%), and 42% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan159 kt (est. 28%)Azerbaijan50 kt (est. 9%)Norway31 kt (est. 6%)Libya30 kt (est. 5%)Guyana19 kt (est. 3%)Côte d’Ivoire13 kt (est. 2%)Türkiye12 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data98 kt (17%)Romania: crude not from imports67 kt (12%)Kuwait: no crude data34 kt (6%)Türkiye: no crude data19 kt (3%)India: no crude data18 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)380 kt (67%)Saudi Arabia98 kt (17%)Kuwait34 kt (6%)Türkiye19 kt (3%)India18 kt (3%)Hungary9.0 kt (2%)Greece4.0 kt (<1%)Austria3.0 kt (<1%)Bulgaria1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply566 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Kuwait
- Türkiye
- India
- Hungary
- Greece
- Austria
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan159 kt (est. 28%)
- Azerbaijan50 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway31 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya30 kt (est. 5%)
- Guyana19 kt (est. 3%)
- Côte d’Ivoire13 kt (est. 2%)
- Türkiye12 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data98 kt (17%)
- Romania: crude not from imports67 kt (12%)
- Kuwait: no crude data34 kt (6%)
- Türkiye: no crude data19 kt (3%)
- India: no crude data18 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 380,000 | 67.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 98,000 | 17.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 34,000 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 19,000 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 18,000 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 9,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 156,590 | 41.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 98,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 66,821 | 17.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 50,082 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 34,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 31,048 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 28,753 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 19,169 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 13,364 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye | Romania (own refineries) | 11,879 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 6,386 | 71.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 2,295 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 2,242 | 24.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,092 | 52.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,658 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 898 | 89.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 868 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 642 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 573 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 423 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 372 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 219 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 173 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Austria | 116 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 102 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Greece | 93 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 86 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 57 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (98,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (66,821 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Kuwait: no crude data (34,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (18,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,517 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (984 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.