Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Romania's jet fuel supply was 61 kt: 97% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (40%), Azerbaijan (13%) and Norway (8%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 40%)Azerbaijan7.8 kt (est. 13%)Norway4.8 kt (est. 8%)Libya4.5 kt (est. 7%)Guyana3.0 kt (est. 5%)Côte d’Ivoire2.1 kt (est. 3%)Türkiye1.8 kt (est. 3%)Ukraine0.4 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports10 kt (17%)Türkiye: no crude data2.0 kt (3%)Romania (own refineries)59 kt (97%)Türkiye2.0 kt (3%)Romania: jet fuel supply61 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Türkiye
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: jet fuel supply | 59,000 | 96.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Romania: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 24,313 | 41.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 10,375 | 17.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 7,776 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 4,821 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 4,464 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 2,976 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 2,075 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye | Romania (own refineries) | 1,844 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Romania (own refineries) | 356 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (10,375 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (2,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.