Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Romania's petrol supply was 248 kt: 94% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (39%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Norway (8%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan97 kt (est. 39%)Azerbaijan31 kt (est. 12%)Norway19 kt (est. 8%)Libya18 kt (est. 7%)Guyana12 kt (est. 5%)Côte d’Ivoire8.2 kt (est. 3%)Türkiye7.3 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins8.0 kt (est. 3%)Romania: crude not from imports41 kt (16%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.9 kt (1%)Romania (own refineries)232 kt (94%)Hungary9.0 kt (4%)Bulgaria6.0 kt (2%)Austria1.0 kt (<1%)Romania: petrol supply248 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Hungary
- Bulgaria
- Austria
- Kazakhstan97 kt (est. 39%)
- Azerbaijan31 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway19 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya18 kt (est. 7%)
- Guyana12 kt (est. 5%)
- Côte d’Ivoire8.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Türkiye7.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins8.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Romania: crude not from imports41 kt (16%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.9 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: petrol supply | 232,000 | 93.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Hungary | Romania: petrol supply | 9,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: petrol supply | 6,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 95,602 | 41.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 40,796 | 17.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 30,576 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 18,956 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 17,555 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 11,703 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 8,159 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye | Romania (own refineries) | 7,253 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 6,386 | 71.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 5,388 | 89.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 2,242 | 24.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 1,401 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 612 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 553 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 372 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 191 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 141 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 58 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Austria | 39 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 19 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of petrol in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (40,796 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (5,388 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,912 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.