Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Romania's road diesel supply was 720 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (26%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (20%) and Azerbaijan (12%), and 53% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan146 kt (est. 20%)Azerbaijan85 kt (est. 12%)Guyana26 kt (est. 4%)Libya21 kt (est. 3%)Côte d’Ivoire21 kt (est. 3%)Iraq14 kt (est. 2%)Türkiye13 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data190 kt (26%)Romania: crude not from imports112 kt (16%)Bahrain: no crude data28 kt (4%)Israel: no crude data19 kt (3%)Türkiye: no crude data19 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)407 kt (57%)Saudi Arabia190 kt (26%)Greece32 kt (4%)Bahrain28 kt (4%)Israel19 kt (3%)Türkiye19 kt (3%)Italy6.0 kt (<1%)Kuwait6.0 kt (<1%)Hungary5.0 kt (<1%)Oman5.0 kt (<1%)Austria3.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply720 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Bahrain
- Israel
- Türkiye
- Kuwait
- Italy
- Other (3)
- Kazakhstan146 kt (est. 20%)
- Azerbaijan85 kt (est. 12%)
- Guyana26 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya21 kt (est. 3%)
- Côte d’Ivoire21 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq14 kt (est. 2%)
- Türkiye13 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data190 kt (26%)
- Romania: crude not from imports112 kt (16%)
- Bahrain: no crude data28 kt (4%)
- Israel: no crude data19 kt (3%)
- Türkiye: no crude data19 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 407,000 | 56.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 190,000 | 26.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 32,000 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | Romania: road diesel supply | 28,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 19,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 19,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Oman | Romania: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 190,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 135,463 | 33.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 111,818 | 27.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 82,834 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 28,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 25,323 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 20,747 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 14,340 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 13,601 | 42.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye | Romania (own refineries) | 13,424 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 7,623 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Kuwait | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,204 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Oman | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,594 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 3,502 | 70.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 3,051 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,932 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,799 | 60.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,384 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,283 | 25.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,081 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 896 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 829 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 691 | 11.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 568 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 500 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 385 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 274 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 229 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 215 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria | 213 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 95 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 70 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 29 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (190,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Romania: crude not from imports (111,818 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bahrain: no crude data (28,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (11,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,941 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (95 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.