Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Romania's jet fuel supply was 62 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports from Belgium (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (31%), Azerbaijan (18%) and Guyana (7%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 31%)Azerbaijan11 kt (est. 18%)Guyana4.4 kt (est. 7%)Côte d’Ivoire2.8 kt (est. 5%)Libya1.9 kt (est. 3%)Türkiye1.8 kt (est. 3%)Norway1.6 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins3.6 kt (est. 6%)Romania: crude not from imports15 kt (24%)Romania (own refineries)55 kt (89%)Belgium7.0 kt (11%)Romania: jet fuel supply62 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Belgium
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: jet fuel supply | 55,000 | 88.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Romania: jet fuel supply | 7,000 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 18,306 | 33.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 15,111 | 27.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 11,194 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 3,422 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,202 | 45.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 2,804 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 1,938 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye | Romania (own refineries) | 1,814 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,648 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,205 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 945 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Romania split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 412 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (15,111 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.