Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Romania's petrol supply was 242 kt: 93% from its own refineries, with imports from Hungary (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (31%), Azerbaijan (19%) and Guyana (6%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan76 kt (est. 31%)Azerbaijan46 kt (est. 19%)Guyana14 kt (est. 6%)Côte d’Ivoire12 kt (est. 5%)Russia11 kt (est. 5%)Libya8.0 kt (est. 3%)Türkiye7.5 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins1.7 kt (est. <1%)Romania: crude not from imports62 kt (26%)Hungary: crude not from imports4.1 kt (2%)Romania (own refineries)226 kt (93%)Hungary16 kt (7%)Romania: petrol supply242 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Hungary
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: petrol supply | 226,000 | 93.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Hungary | Romania: petrol supply | 16,000 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 75,220 | 33.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 62,091 | 27.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 45,996 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 14,061 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 11,520 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 11,191 | 69.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 7,963 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye | Romania (own refineries) | 7,454 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary | 4,105 | 25.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 1,694 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 689 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of petrol in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (62,091 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (4,105 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.