Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Romania's petrol supply was 131 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Bulgaria (10%) and Germany (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (35%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Guyana (6%), and 31% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan46 kt (est. 35%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 12%)Guyana8.2 kt (est. 6%)Norway6.5 kt (est. 5%)Libya5.4 kt (est. 4%)Côte d’Ivoire3.5 kt (est. 3%)United States1.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins3.7 kt (est. 3%)Romania: crude not from imports27 kt (21%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported13 kt (10%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)108 kt (82%)Bulgaria13 kt (10%)Germany7.0 kt (5%)Austria3.0 kt (2%)Romania: petrol supply131 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Bulgaria
- Germany
- Austria
- Kazakhstan46 kt (est. 35%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 12%)
- Guyana8.2 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway6.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya5.4 kt (est. 4%)
- Côte d’Ivoire3.5 kt (est. 3%)
- United States1.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins3.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Romania: crude not from imports27 kt (21%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported13 kt (10%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: petrol supply | 108,000 | 82.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Bulgaria | Romania: petrol supply | 13,000 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Romania: petrol supply | 7,000 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Romania: petrol supply | 3,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 44,748 | 41.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 27,372 | 25.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 14,865 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Guyana | Romania (own refineries) | 7,227 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 5,280 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 4,049 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania (own refineries) | 3,486 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,934 | 27.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,269 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,145 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 974 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 860 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 826 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 816 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 778 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany | 663 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 555 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 340 | 11.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Austria | 271 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 167 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria | 153 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 147 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Romania split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 77 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Romania split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Romania’s supply of petrol in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (27,372 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (13,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (507 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.